InfoSecBulletin Cybersecurity for mankind
Security teams ought to seize on the opportunities of failures of the past to make meaningful change in how we approach incident response, urged Sarah Armstrong-Smith, chief security advisor at Microsoft, during UK Cyber Week 2023.
Learning lessons from the past is crucial to developing an effective incident response strategy in cybersecurity, Armstrong-Smith said.
Urgent Patch! cPanel, GitLab Flaws Expose Users to RCE, File and Credential Theft
Palo Alto PAN-OS Flaw Enables Root Arbitrary Code Execution
Critical Check Point VPN flaws allow remote code execution attacks
Cisco confirms CVE-2026-20079 flaw in Secure FMC is exploited in attacks
Hackers exploit PaperCut flaws using hundreds of AI agents, compromising 440 servers globally
CISA Says Chinese Firms Extracted Billions of Tokens From Frontier AI Models
Nightmare Eclipse Drops New Microsoft Defender ‘ShieldCrash’ zero-day
cPanel Flaw Lets Hosting Accounts With Mail Privileges Execute Code as Root
FortiSandbox, FortiOS, FortiProxy ZTNA flaws unveil, while Fortigate firewall actively exploited
Microsoft Patch Tuesday September 2026 Fixed 973 Flaws Fixed, 2 Zero-Days
The notion of ‘black swan’ events – that are so rare and unusual they cannot be predicted – is a “fallacy,” according to Armstrong-Smith. Such events include the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic, in which there were numerous similar instances that should have enabled authorities to be ready. For example, there have been two previous coronavirus outbreaks in the years prior to COVID-19.
Based on work she is doing with the UK’s Ministry of Defence (MoD), there is agreement that it is only a matter of time before a cyber-attack against critical infrastructure will cause an event so big that leads to “multiple fatalities,” she said in response to an audience question.
This is because attackers are increasingly infiltrating operational networks, which has the potential cause far more destruction than through gaining access to IT networks. “The capability is already there, it’s just a matter of time,” outlined Armstrong-Smith.
On cyber-attacks and incidents that have already happened, Armstrong-Smith said the cybersecurity sector is typically bad at learning lessons. “It doesn’t matter how many times we see these incidents, they continue to happen over and over again,” she stated.
Analyzing the findings from public enquiries into major events, and what they tell us about why such seismic, and often preventable, situations occur is also important, she explained. Several common themes were identified, which are highly applicable to the world of cybersecurity:
- A change in design or use – over time, buildings, technologies and products will have had numerous upgrades and changes in use, but “they don’t tell the people on the ground that these changes have happened.” This means when something goes wrong, incident responders are relying on an outdated plan.
- Communication – Armstrong-Smith noted there is often an expectation that every decision must be communicated from the top of the organization all the way down, significantly delaying action and losing context for those decisions. Instead, teams on the ground need “specific and direct instructions.”
- Lack of empowerment – During any incident, the first responders can vary substantially depending on the time and the issue it takes place. Therefore, there must be clear rules about “who is empowered and to what degree” in situations that require immediate decisions to be taken.
- Rigid plans – Armstrong-Smith said that many incident response plans are so rigid “that as soon as you go off that plan, everyone panics and things fail dramatically.” Therefore, organizations must establish their “critical path,” and have a clear differentiation between an order and a recommendation during incidents.
The key to effective incident response in cybersecurity is people and providing regular training that replicates real-world situations, she said.
“It requires real-time training against the real-time risk that we’re trying to deal with,” Armstrong-Smith added.
Therefore, simulated training exercises should be as similar to previous cyber-incidents or near misses against that organization as possible. However, Armstrong-Smith noted that she has “never seen a company that goes anywhere near their worst case scenario” during crisis management exercises.
For example, she said that organizations often believe they can rely on backups to restore their systems in the event of a ransomware breach. “I can tell you for a fact that is not how ransomware works,” Armstrong-Smith outlined, as attackers often delete backups.
Only through realistic training exercises can security teams truly understand what they are trying to protect and why, she added. For example, we often only think about the role of security to protect infrastructure, forgetting about the impact on people.
In a separate session during day one of UK Cyber Week 2023, Amanda Finch, CEO of the Chartered Institute of Information Security (CIISec), cited recent research the body had carried out related to training and development in the sector.
Ahead of technical subject matter (18%), industry professionals said that analytic, thinking and problem solving (57%) were the most important skills to work in cyber, followed by communication (24%).
